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First, marketing research is systematic. Thus systematic planning is required at all the stages of the marketing research process. (…)

Methodologically, marketing research uses the following types of research designs:
Based on questioning:

Qualitative marketing research - generally used for exploratory purposes - small number of respondents - not generalizable to the whole population - statistical significance and confidence not calculated - examples include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and projective techniques
Quantitative marketing research - generally used to draw conclusions - tests a specific hypothesis - uses random sampling techniques so as to infer from the sample to the population - involves a large number of respondents - examples include surveys and questionnaires. (…)

Qualitative marketing research is a set of research techniques, used in marketing and the social sciences, in which data is obtained from a relatively small group of respondents and not analyzed with statistical techniques. (…)

Concept testing is the process of using quantitative methods and qualitative methods to evaluate consumer response to a product idea prior to the introduction of a product to the market. (…)

A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their attitude towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. (…)

Quantitative marketing research is the application of quantitative research techniques to the field of marketing. (…)

Statistical surveys are used to collect quantitative information about items in a population. (…)

Within any of the types of frame identified above, a variety of sampling methods can be employed, individually or in combination. (…)

In the most straightforward case, such as the sentencing of a batch of material from production (acceptance sampling by lots), it is possible to identify and measure every single item in the population and to include any one of them in our sample. (…)

A questionnaire is a series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic. (…)